{"id":17637,"date":"2018-08-14T11:09:58","date_gmt":"2018-08-14T16:09:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thepapergown.zocdoc.com\/?p=17637"},"modified":"2023-03-03T15:14:13","modified_gmt":"2023-03-03T20:14:13","slug":"colonoscopies-are-more-complicated-for-women","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zocdoc.com\/blog\/healthcare-trends\/colonoscopies-are-more-complicated-for-women\/","title":{"rendered":"Colonoscopies Are More Complicated for Women"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Karen Szabo, a Milwaukee-based nurse, has had two colonoscopies. The first time around, she received sedation in the form of the drug <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/drugs-supplements\/fentanyl-injection-route\/description\/drg-20075614\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fentanyl<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. When it came time to get scoped again, Szabo opted out of sedation so she\u2019d be able to leave the procedure on her own. \u201cI live an hour away from the hospital,\u201d she said, \u201cand I didn\u2019t want anybody to have to drive me home.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plus, other nurses had described unsedated colonoscopies as uncomfortable but not unbearably so. What Szabo didn\u2019t know was that as a woman who\u2019d had prior abdominal and gynecological surgeries, including an appendectomy and a hysterectomy, she faced an increased risk of pain during her colonoscopy. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Being<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> awake from start to finish proved to be more than just uncomfortable. When her gastroenterologist struggled to push the scope through twists in her colon, the pain intensity rivaled that of childbirth. \u201cThere were certain parts,\u201d Szabo said, \u201cwhere I thought, \u2018Stop! I\u2019m going to die!\u2019\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Had Szabo known skipping sedation was a recipe for torture, she would have gladly spent the procedure knocked out. But she wasn\u2019t warned.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colonoscopies let gastroenterologists remove precancerous <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/colon-polyps\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20352875\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">polyps<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (small clumps of cells that form on the lining of the colon), detect early-stage colorectal cancer and save lives. Colorectal cancer, meaning of the lower colon or rectum, is among the deadliest types, but it\u2019s also one of the most preventable, provided people do as they\u2019re told and get scoped. The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/colon-rectal-cancer\/detection-diagnosis-staging\/acs-recommendations.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Cancer Society<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> recommends that adults with an average colorectal cancer risk begin screening\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/05\/30\/well\/cancer-group-calls-for-colorectal-cancer-screening-starting-at-age-45.html\">at age 45<\/a>. Colonoscopies, considered the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; screening test, are supposed to be repeated anywhere from every 10 years to every three to five years,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">depending on family history and colorectal health.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike prostate cancer screenings or mammograms, colonoscopies are a universal patient experience<\/span>.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> But that doesn\u2019t mean the procedure is the same for men and women. Not only do cisgender women report higher levels of pre-colonoscopy anxiety than their XY counterparts, it\u2019s also well-documented that colonoscopies are more complicated and, as Szabo learned first hand, potentially painful procedures for female patients. Still, experts say women shouldn\u2019t be deterred from getting scoped. Instead, they should arrive at their colonoscopy consultations armed with information and questions. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>The long and winding female colon<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A colonoscopy works like this: A patient lies on their side while a gastroenterologist inserts a colonoscope \u2014 essentially a camera on the end of a long, flexible tube \u2014 into their anus. From there, the doctor can use the scope to navigate through the entire large intestine. In addition to being an important preventive care measure, colonoscopies are performed on an as-needed basis for patients with <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/tests-procedures\/colonoscopy\/about\/pac-20393569\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">abdominal pain and chronic diarrhea, among other intestinal problems.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> While no two colonoscopies will be identical, doctors consistently say performing colonoscopies on female patients is more difficult.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The reasons for this are thought to be largely anatomical. As Dr. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mountsinai.org\/profiles\/david-a-greenwald\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Greenwald<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a gastroenterologist at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, explained, women\u2019s colons <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8635705\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tend to be longer<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> than men\u2019s. On average, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8635705\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">research suggests<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the female colon is 8 cm to 10 cm longer. It\u2019s also often squished into a smaller abdominal cavity, meaning a gastroenterologist has to maneuver the scope through more twists and angles.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sharp, angular intestines are a pronounced issue in young, thin women, one of the most difficult patient populations to perform the procedure on. Older intestines are easier to excavate because the tissue connecting the intestines to the abdominal wall slackens with age. And parts of the colon are more angular in women with low BMIs (body mass index).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The female colon<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is more likely to<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2657972\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dip into the pelvis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, says<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/biographies\/raffals-laura-e-m-d\/bio-20055498\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Laura Raffals,<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who directs the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Fellowship at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. As a result, \u201clooping,\u201d the process of knots (loops) forming in the scope while it traverses sharp angles in the intestine, occurs more frequently in women.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nghd.pt\/nghd\/images\/quality_for_colonoscopy.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">colonoscopy is considered incomplete<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when a gastroenterologist doesn\u2019t reach the beginning point in the large intestine, called the cecum.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To undo loops, a gastroenterologist<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">needs to pull back and adjust the scope. Until they\u2019re corrected, loops can stretch out the walls of the colon, causing even sedated patients to exhibit signs of pain (although fortunately, many won\u2019t remember it). In<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2657972\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a 2007 paper<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, discomfort from looping is described as \u201cpossibly the most common patient-related source of difficulty\u201d encountered in performing a colonoscopy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The heightened difficulty of scoping female patients is associated with undesirable outcomes:<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women overall are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ecco-jcc\/article\/5\/3\/189\/468316\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">more likely than men to suffer colon perforations<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, have incomplete procedures and experience <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23884794\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pain<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especially when an inexperienced gastroenterologist is at work. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11051348\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incomplete procedures<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are particularly likely for women with below-average BMIs. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/23884794\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Risk for pain<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during unsedated colonoscopies is elevated for women with previous <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4836581\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gynecological conditions or surgeries<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because the ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes are in same location as the colon, Greenwald explained, any surgery performed in that area, even a C-section, can leave behind bands of scar tissue called adhesions. These abdominal adhesions are sticky, so the colon can become affixed to them. \u201cIt actually can make colonoscopy more difficult and potentially more painful.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Experience matters<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Experience appears to help gastroenterologists overcome the challenges associated with female colonoscopies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nghd.pt\/nghd\/images\/quality_for_colonoscopy.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">colonoscopy is considered incomplete<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when a gastroenterologist doesn\u2019t reach the beginning point in the large intestine, called the cecum.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since cancerous cells can originate in the cecum, examining this area is <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a crucial part of<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> colorectal cancer screening<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple studies have found that doctors who\u2019ve performed higher numbers of colonoscopies have fewer problems reaching the cecum successfully and in a timely manner. Among gastroenterologists with less experience, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2871602\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">one study found<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, delays in reaching the cecum<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are longer and<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">more common with female patients.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These findings jibe with the trajectory Dr. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aurorahealthcare.org\/doctors\/dr-aboud-affi-md\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aboud Affi,<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a gastroenterologist at Aurora Sinai Hospital in Milwaukee, has noticed in his own career. Early on, women\u2019s colonoscopies were harder for him and took longer to perform. Over time, though, the differences in duration and difficulty have faded almost entirely.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Though few and far between, efforts are underway to train doctors with expertise in the female colon.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to gaining experience wielding a colonoscope, gastroenterologists need to become educated about sex-based differences. Unfortunately, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.asge.org\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">recommends the same screening tools and guidelines for male and female patients.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some experts acknowledge that physicians\u2019 comprehension of this subject isn\u2019t where it needs to be. \u201cI suspect that many colonoscopists are unaware of the association between colonoscopy discomfort and hysterectomy, and even the association between colonoscopy discomfort and gender,\u201d as Dr. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Matthew_Rutter\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Matthew D. Rutter,<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a gastroenterologist at University Hospital of North Tees in England,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wrote in <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net\/archives\/january-2015\/colonoscopy-in-patients-with-a-prior-hysterectomy\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a 2015 op-ed <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for the <em>Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Though few and far between, efforts are underway to train doctors with expertise in the female colon. Brown University <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2940483\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has gradually introduced<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> women\u2019s health training into its gastroenterology fellowship. In 2003, the school implemented a mandatory two-month rotation in a women\u2019s-only endoscopy unit. The school later introduced a three-year program called the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brown.edu\/academics\/medical\/about\/departments\/medicine\/divisions\/gastroenterology\/training-programs-and-fellowships\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women\u2019s Gastroenterological Health Pathway<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. While a handful of gastroenterologists across the country lecture and conduct trainings about women\u2019s health, the Brown program is the only one of its kind, according to director Amanda Pressman.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The program was originally created to address GI issues in pregnant women, but Pressman now also teaches future gastroenterologists about the psychological and emotional barriers preventing women from undergoing colorectal cancer screening. Women are getting screened at lower rates than men, despite having an equal cancer risk and visiting gastroenterologists more frequently for other issues. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Citing <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nsvrc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications_nsvrc_factsheet_media-packet_statistics-about-sexual-violence_0.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the statistic<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that approximately 1 in 5 women has been sexually assaulted, Pressman emphasized the anxiety many women feel over losing bodily control during sedation, not to mention undergoing such an invasive procedure. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10620-018-4912-z\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Research suggests<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> women have more pre-procedure anxiety than men. \u201cWe try to remove barriers for women who need to have colonoscopies but are afraid,\u201d Pressman said.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>What to ask before getting scoped<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While more gastroenterologists are gaining familiarity with women\u2019s health issues, experts still urge female patients to ask their doctors a few questions before scheduling a procedure. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before going under the colonoscope, women should tell their doctors about any past surgeries and discuss plans for sedation. Sedation, which <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lebensblicke.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Women_awaken_faster_than_men_after.8.pdf.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">research suggests wears off faster in women<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, should be tailored to the needs of the patient. Some patients do brave colonoscopies <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3329613\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">without it<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. But that number is shrinking in the U.S., where <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.asge.org\/docs\/default-source\/education\/practice_guidelines\/piis0016510717321119.pdf?sfvrsn=4\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">over half are now performed with anesthesia care<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, meaning propofol administered and monitored by an anesthesiologist. Almost all the rest are completed with nurse-administered \u201ctwilight\u201d anesthesia, also known as IV<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sedation, a combination of fentanyl and the sedative midazolam. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women should also ask their doctors which type of scope they plan to use. Even though it\u2019s not a one-scope-fits-all procedure, formal screeding guidelines don\u2019t advise doctors to use different tools to excavate women\u2019s long, angular colons. But many still do. \u201cI use a pediatric colonoscope on all my female patients, except morbidly obese patients,\u201d Affi said. \u201cThe benefit is that it feels easier to get around any adhesions and scars in the abdomen.\u201d Greenwald and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Raffals also said they use a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12024137\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pediatric colonoscope<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on women because the smaller diameter facilitates easy maneuvering. This has increasingly become the norm. But if a gastroenterologist only uses an adult-sized colonoscope, it might be worth asking if it\u2019s a slimmer, newer model. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women who are pregnant or trying to get pregnant should talk to their gastroenterologists about the safety of the procedure. While <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20506671\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">one 2010 study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> published in <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.reproductivemedicine.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the <em>Journal of Reproductive Medicine<\/em><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> concluded that colonoscopies are safe during the second trimester, pregnant women are often advised to hold off until after they\u2019ve given birth. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once women address these questions with their doctors, they shouldn\u2019t hesitate to schedule a colonoscopy. The biggest risk women can take with this procedure is skipping it.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1 class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Ready to book a gastroenterology appointment? Visit <span class=\"s2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zocdoc.com\/gastroenterologists?utm_source=google&amp;utm_medium=cpc_brand&amp;utm_campaign=10272222929&amp;utm_term=zocdoc%20gastroenterologist&amp;utm_content=104191877924&amp;gclid=CjwKCAjwq5-WBhB7EiwAl-HEkgmrEbmE5V4eltPyuwgkOgGlaiZ01E5yn452aMLByFftPZt5Y0XUBBoCoKcQAvD_BwE\">Zocdoc<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Female patients should get informed before they get scoped. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":17638,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[229],"tags":[90,134,81,75],"class_list":["post-17637","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-healthcare-trends","tag-feature","tag-gender","tag-preventive-care","tag-womens-health","reviewer-dr-nassim-assefi"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Why Colonoscopies Are More Complicated For Women<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Colonoscopies are harder and more time-consuming to perform on women. 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